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Conjunctivitis is defined as inflammation of the conjunctiva; it is usually caused by infection or allergy. Conjunctivitis is the most common acute eye disease seen by pediatricians. It is often referred to as "pink eye."
I. Etiology
A. Neonatal conjunctivitis occurs in 1.6-12% of newborns. The most common cause is chemical irritation from antimicrobial prophylaxis against bacterial infection, followed by Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae may also cause infection in newborns.
B. Rarely, gram-negative organisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, or Pseudomonas sp can cause neonatal conjunctivitis, especially in infants in
C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is an unusual cause of neonatal conjunctivitis because of the use of ocular prophylaxis.
D. Herpes simplex can cause neonatal keratoconjunctivitis; however, it is almost always associated with infection of the skin and mucous membranes, or with disseminated disease. The presence of vesicles anywhere on Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection the body in association with conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye neonatal conjunctivitis is indicative of herpes.
E. In older infants and children, H influenzae is Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection by far the most conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye common identifiable cause of conjunctivitis, causing 40-50% of episodes. S pneumoniae conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye accounts for 10% of cases, and Moraxella catarrhalis is the third most common Acute conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection cause. Chlamydia trachomatis can rarely cause conjunctivitis in sexually active Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection adolescents.
F. Adenovirus is the most important viral cause of acute conjunctivitis. This organism often causes epidemics of acute conjunctivitis. It causes 20% of childhood conjunctivitis (most occurring in the Conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye Conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye fall and
II. Clinical Presentation
A. In the first day of life, conjunctivitis is Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection usually caused by chemical conjunctivitis secondary to ocular prophylaxis.
B. Three to 5 days after birth, gonococcal Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection conjunctivitis is the most common cause of conjunctivitis.
C. After the first week of life and throughout the Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection first month, chlamydia is the most frequent cause of conjunctivitis. Chlamydial conjunctivitis can cause mild to severe hyperemia, and severe cases are associated with a Acute Conjunctivitis red eye pink eye infection thick mucopurulent discharge and pseudomembrane Conjunctivitis, red eye, pink eye formation.
D. Gonococcal conjunctivitis can present as typical bacterial conjunctivitis, or as a hyperacute conjunctivitis with profuse purulent discharge. There often is severe edema of both lids. Untreated, it can result in the loss of the eye. In contrast, bacterial conjunctivitis secondary to H influenzae, S pneumoniae, or M catarrhalis usually is self-limited.
E. When chlamydial or gonorrheal conjunctivitis is diagnosed in the neonate, the mother and her sexual partner should also be evaluated for genital infection.
F. In the older infant and child, both viral and bacterial conjunctivitis present with an acutely inflamed eye. Typically, there is conjunctival erythema, with occasional lid edema. Exudate often accumulates during the night. Once this has been cleaned away, there may be little evidence of any exudate when the child is examined later.
G. The clinician should determine clinically if the conjunctivitis is bacterial or viral in origin. Bacterial conjunctivitis tends to be more common in the preschooler and is more likely to be bilateral and associated with an exudate than is viralconjunctivitis.
H. Many patients who have both adenoviral conjunctivitis and pharyngitis also are febrile. The triad of pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, and fever has been termed pharyngoconjunctival fever.
III. Diagnosis
A. Neonates
1. In cases of neonatal conjunctivitis, a Gram stain and culture always should be obtained to exclude N gonorrhoeae conjunctivitis.
2. C trachomatis antigen detection assays have a sensitivity and specificity of 90% or
IV. Differential Diagnosis
A. Systemic Diseases
1. Most red eyes in children are caused by acute conjunctivitis, allergy, or trauma; however, Kawasaki disease, Lyme disease, leptospirosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, or Stevens-Johnson syndrome may cause conjunctivitis.
2. Glaucoma is a significant cause of a red eye in adults; however, it is rare in children.
B. Allergic Conjunctivitis
1. Allergic eye disease is characterized by pronounced ocular itching, redness, tearing, and photophobia. This recurrent disease has seasonal exacerbations in the spring, summer, and
3. Treatment