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New Treatments for Multiple SclerosisMultiple sclerosis is characterized by recurrent or chronically progressive neurologic dysfunction caused by lesions in the CNS. The CNS lesions are characterized by multiple areas of demyelination in the CNS. The brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord may be sclorosis. Epidemiology Approximately 250,000 to 350,000 people in the United States have a diagnosis of MS; the prevalence is about 100 cases per 100,000 population. MS is more common in women than men by a ratio of 2:1. The onset of disease usually occurs between 20 and 50 years of age, with a peak at about 30 years of age. MS occurs in all major racial groups but is most common in whites, less common in blacks, and rare in Asians. The prevalence of MS varies. Etiology The etiology of MS is unknown, but both genetic and nongenetic factors are important. The importance of genetic factors has been firmly established by the studies of familial MS. The contribution of nongenetic factors is demonstrated by the lack of concordance. Genetics The impression that susceptibility to MS is at least partly familial has been confirmed by extensive studies that found an increased prevalence of MS in close relatives of MS patients. In one study, the risk of MS in an identical twin of an MS patient was 31 percent, whereas the risk for a dizygotic twin was about five percent. Diagnosis The diagnosis of MS is made on the basis of the clinical signs and symptoms, with magnetic resonance imaging and other laboratory tests playing a supporting role. The diagnosis of definite MS requires evidence for the dissemination of lesions in time. Clinical Features Almost any neurologic deficit can occur in MS, but there are several signs and symptoms that are characteristic. None of these characteristic findings are pathognomonic for MS, but their presence should suggest MS as a possible diagnosis, particularly in a young adult. The typical findings include optic neuritis, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, heat sensitivity, and Lhermitte’s sign. About 20 percent of patients present with optic neuritis as their There are a number of other symptoms that are extremely common in MS but that also occur in many other disease processes. These include weakness, sensory loss, ataxia, and bowel and bladder symptoms. All these symptoms develop in the majority of patients during the Clinical Course The clinical course of MS varies greatly between people. |